CivicSciTimes - Stories in Science
Art and Design Meets Science: A Reflective Conversation on Science Communication
For all its diversity, one thing is certain: like science, art and design makes its own image of the world. Both are searching for a deeper insights, for the not obviously visible, for the substantial, and how our common future could be presented. In the conversation between the three professors this common approach and the various positions are discussed.
Prof. Tom Duscher, Prof. Stefan Sachs & Prof. Manfred Schulz
Image 1- Scene of the first exhibition of the Cluster of Excellence The Future Ocean
Where did your desire to engage with science come from?
SACHS: Curiosity played an important role for me. I had always been interested in the natural sciences, but had no idea how things actually work in a research community, except the thought that it would probably be very different from the art world.
DUSCHER: I had already found it motivating to work with different disciplines such as spatial strategies and film, and to look beyond my own discipline. And I was interested in finding a relevant and important theme such as marine research.
SACHS: I would not have come on board if the content hadn’t been so interesting.
SCHULZ: For our group, the “Future Ocean” project made it onto the agenda easily. The theme of the sea is exciting, charming, erotic .. . I’m looking for the right words … The theme of oceans is very complete and inspiring on many different levels, not just that of the natural sciences.
SACHS: And of course it plays a special role here in Kiel, the city by the sea. When we joined the prospective cluster in 2006, I’d been in this city for just a year. I didn’t really know it properly yet.
SCHULZ: One could see that the scientific organization of the prospective cluster included expertise, infrastructure, traditions and a history of marine science in Kiel. In our eyes it was the right theme, in the right place, at the right time.
DUSCHER: And there was great interest in us from the scientists. They invited us in with open arms, and the collaboration with an art institution was new and challenging for them, especially the first moments spent getting to know each other.
What expectations did you have for the collaboration with the Excellence Cluster?
SACHS: When we started to deal with the scientists, the Cluster did not exist. There were no models for such a collaboration. Against this background we had the idea for the first exhibition in Halle 400, a large exhibition hall in Kiel.
SCHULZ: The initial phase involved just a few people. This small circle decided to try and create some publicity by doing an exhibition on the Day of German Unity. That was shortly before the decision about which excellence cluster was to be recognized, and we wanted to make an impression. Our idea was to install an “Underwater World” in Halle 400, to show that there was collaboration between diverse members who intended to be recognized as an excellence cluster.
Image 2- Scene of the first exhibition of the Cluster of Excellence The Future Ocean
We sought out simple, meaningful aspects of the science with broadly understandable content, and formulated possible questions. For example, the scientists gave us insights into international maritime law. From there we formulated the question “Who does the sea belong to?” From that, other scientists formulated similar simple questions such as “Will the Gulf Stream continue to flow?” or “Can algae heal people?” and then tried to answer them using appropriate text and visual material.
How did you and the scientists communicate day to day?
SACHS: When the scientists first explained the content to us, we didn’t understand anything. And they didn’t understand that we hadn’t understood anything. Knowing where the other stood was very difficult at the beginning.
DUSCHER: It’s also about a common attitude. The interest and the passion that one finds in the scientists, which really goes deep, has an important parallel in us creative types.
SCHULZ: With scientists there is a “right and wrong” logic which controls decision-making. We found repeatedly that the scientists presented interesting topics to us, we developed ideas from them, and then the scientists said: “That result is not yet final” or “We don’t yet have enough measurements to be able to fully affirm that”. We had to make it clear that the exhibition may also ask questions – of the sea, of people and of science.
DUSCHER: Real collaboration and mutual benefit began when we realized that we work very differently with images. Scientists create technical images to assemble data. From these images, we’ve made emotive presentations that the scientists could relate to, so they saw where our expertise lay and how we approached the issues.
Image 3: Ocean Explorer, a 6m long interactive multitouch table.
SCHULZ: In the area of design, we have a clearly formulated series of tasks ranging from the identification of the problem to well-argued, conclusive solutions in an individually crafted piece of work. But other qualities can play a role even though they escape clear logic. At the beginning the scientists asked how we can be sure that of these three possible poster designs, the one in the middle is the best. They were not clear how one could get to a result with something that in their view couldn’t be evaluated. Here mutual understanding developed over the years.
The whole thing resolved itself in wondrous ways in the exhibition in Halle 400 – a highly immersive space. In the preliminary stages, there was a lot of skepticism. Our ideas for the exhibition were expressed by means of plans and descriptions, which made them difficult to comprehend. Then when the exhibition was prepared and had opened, the majority were suddenly able to understand what we had been doing and how for the past few months.
-> Watch the video documentation:
SACHS: It became clear that each of us had a unique approach to the theme. Whilst trawling through video material at GEOMAR, I discovered recordings which immediately fascinated me. They were of slow journeys across the sea floor, many taken by GEOMAR’S own manned submersible JAGO. They showed barren ground, sand, gravel, volcanic rocks, but mainly vastness and emptiness. Now and again a small fish, but mainly nothing. I positioned three big flat-screens alongside each other to form a triptych. Different sea floors came to the observer from all three screens, the locations were blended, there was no sound. It was quite a suggestive video installation. Nothing was explained – it was rather the posing of a question.
How have your experiences with scientists been different from the different perspectives of art and design?
DUSCHER: It became clear that the rational approach of the scientists was more like a design attitude. For example, they needed a visualization of climate evolution over the past 10,000 years. As a designer, you start by thinking about concrete problems of presentation so there’s possibly a closer relationship between design and the natural sciences. If one approaches art and asks for a concrete solution for this or that … it’s perhaps not so easy to establish.
Is the difference between the natural sciences and art that art can be open in the form of its results?
SACHS: For me, a certain sensuality, and the provocation of uncertainty, are important. When art enables the recipients’ view of things to be just ever so slightly changed, that’s a victory.
DUSCHER: One can call the process of getting to a conclusion research, exploration or experimentation. For me, it’s inspiring to experiment with new technologies to find out what they do or don’t make possible. The new plays a central role for me, maybe because not everything that is new is also good or better. It is about shaping the future, assessing new technologies and asking what one can achieve with them. I find it fascinating to do this within the realm of ocean research, because I can question whether it helps and supports the scientists.
What does the tension between art, design and science look like, and how have artists and scientists influenced each other through the collaboration?
SCHULZ: I don’t believe that our work has influenced the scientists’ research work.
DUSCHER: I find that it has changed their attitude in some ways. For example, they have conceived and realized the latest exhibitions by themselves. We have changed the way they see themselves, how communication or presentation is thought about, and as a result maybe the way they act.
SCHULZ: The scientists’ research work was not influenced, but the way they interact with the public has changed. In the past few years, the communication culture within scientific research has changed, and we’ve made a contribution. But it has also developed its own momentum.
DUSCHER: In the application for the second phase of the excellence cluster funding, Muthesius contributed to the definition of a focus for the research, and introduced the themes of culture, society and responsibility. Our position was that sustainability can be achieved if strong self-awareness and willingness to change behavior emerge in society. And that did influence the direction of the research and has made communication and visualization themselves the object of research. The societal aspect is now taken much more seriously than before.
Was there actual collaborative work, or did the scientists, artists and designers just happen to work on the same content?
DUSCHER: Think of the collaboration on the Next Generation Scientific Poster. We approached the scientists with a suggestion for a new technological form of visualization, formulated our own creative questions, and after that asked the scientists about appropriate research content. This led to a very close collaboration in which we learned a lot about specific visualization problems in science.
Image 4- Explaining a scientific topic using the interactive scientific poster
Was that typical?
DUSCHER: That was the fruit of the level of trust which had built up in our collaboration. Previously, the scientists had no time for the presentation of their topics, or it wasn’t important enough for them. Scientific communication now has a high value in the cluster. It is seen as profitable and insightful by both sides.
-> Watch documentation of Next Generation Scientific Poster:
Looking to the future, which approaches could be developed further?
DUSCHER: It would be beneficial if the designers, artists and scientists could literally work more closely together. This is already happening at the Center for Complex Network Research at Northeastern University in Boston. Here scientists and data visualizers work together in a team. This would go beyond working together in the initiation phase, after which everyone goes back to their own work and then takes a look at the end to see what has come out of it.
SACHS: I was on a research ship and we were locked up for four weeks, with no possibility of disembarking. The scientists were well disposed towards us, but also skeptical. The situation on a ship is an intimate one, you inevitably come close and can’t easily get out of each other’s way. I was often asked: “What are you actually doing there?” I had to explain that I was trying to understand and was gathering a bit of initial material. What it would ultimately result in was not clear to me yet. That did lead to a certain degree of astonishment.
If scientific knowledge about the natural world is generated in the natural sciences, what kind of knowledge can art and design generate?
SACHS: A current point of contact between art and design and the natural sciences is the awareness that one must think holistically. That’s the case in modern physics and medicine, or with oceanography and climate research. For me, it is very important for art to have the whole picture in view in all its complexity. The medium of film in particular seems to me pre-destined to achieve this. That’s one reason I love it so.
SCHULZ: In medicine, one no longer looks at nerves or organs separately from each other. Rather, one examines the communication between them. We creatives are good at providing ideas for new ways of seeing.
Image 5- Exhibition installation showing bizarre creature of the deep sea.
SACHS: With regard to ocean research, one would be the close relationship between ocean currents. Only a fraction of them, and their impacts on our climate, have been subject to research. So far, we have only understood a fraction of it. I don’t think anyone really knows to what degree we can understand such highly complex systems.
DUSCHER: From an artistic or creative perspective, there are actions which emerge intuitively, which follow our instincts and are hard to explain rationally. That is perhaps something which has been lost in the verifiable world of the natural sciences.
Sometimes scientists refer to scientific theories as elegant or beautiful – what do you think, can one have aesthetic or sensual experiences in science?
DUSCHER: I think that in every area there is a type of good solution, a creative or intelligent solution. And that one then refers to these as beautiful, which is of course completely understandable. And we have nature as the entity to actually define beauty. Everything is measured against it.
Image 6- Interactive Scientific Poster showing change of ocean observation activities 1967 and 2015.
SACHS: In the natural sciences, a beautiful formula is the formula which can express a complex issue in the briefest of terms. I don’t believe that aesthetics plays a role for scientists in this regard. And art is by no means just about beauty.
SCHULZ: Perhaps there is a possible goal in both art and in science, which is a contemplation of the world freed from all superfluousness.
DUSCHER: Simplicity.
SCHULZ: Simple, clear, precise.
The interview took place on April 14, 2016 in Hamburg, carried out by Jolan Kieschke. It was first published in the book “Sensing the Ocean – A Collaboration between Art, Design and Science”. More on that: http://futureocean.muthesius-
CivicSciTimes - Stories in Science
Unexpected Stories and Spindle Mistakes: Discovering that Wild-type Cells are Full of Surprises
Natalie Nannas
Natalie Nannas is an Associate Professor of Biology at Hamilton College in Clinton, NY. She teaches courses in genetics, molecular biology, and bioethics. Dr. Nannas graduated from Grinnell College with bachelor’s degrees in biological chemistry and French. She received her Master’s and PhD from Harvard University in molecular biology and genetics. Dr. Nannas conducted her postdoctoral research at the University of Georgia where she won a National Science Foundation Plant Genome Postdoctoral Fellowship. At Hamilton College, Dr. Nannas enjoys teaching and sharing her passion for microscopy with her undergraduate research students. When not glued to a microscope, she loves spending time with her husband and two daughters. The narrative below by Natalie Nannas captures the human stories behind the science from a 2022 paper titled “Frequent spindle errors require structural rearrangement to complete meiosis in Zea mays” which was published by her group in 2022 in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
Science never works out the way we plan. As scientists, we ask questions, hypothesize and outline our goals … then reality of science occurs. The reality of science is often full of failed controls, endless troubleshooting, and sometimes strange findings that lead us in new and unpredictable directions. Our publications give the impression that we planned these scientific journeys from the beginning and do not tell the human side of the process with all of its twists and turns, dead-ends and U-turns. I want to tell you the real story behind my first publication as a faculty member with my own lab. It did not go as planned due to the COVID-19 pandemic. My lab was shut down in the middle of our investigation, and my students and I were unable to generate new data. In the beginning, it seemed like we were stranded with only control data and no story to tell, but the time away from the lab allowed us to spend more time looking carefully at wild-type cells. What seemed like a dead-end suddenly became its own story when we found something unexpected hiding within microscopy movies. Our wild-type cells were making mistakes, attempting fixes and changing directions, just like we do as scientists.
My scientific journey began with flickering green lights and a microscope (you can read more about it here). As an undergraduate, I was mesmerized by the beauty of watching living cells shuffle fluorescently labeled proteins throughout their cytoplasm. I followed this passion for microscopy into my doctoral dissertation research at Harvard University where I investigated how yeast cells build the machinery needed to pull their chromosomes apart. This machinery is a dynamic collection of long protein tubes called microtubules and other organizing proteins that help move and shuffle microtubules. I loved watching the delicate dance of chromosomes interacting with microtubules of the spindle, and I wanted to continue studying this process in my postdoctoral studies.
During postdoctoral studies at the University of Georgia, I won a fellowship from the National Science Foundation to develop a new technique in microscopy. No one had ever watched plants building their spindles in meiosis, the specialized cell division that produces egg and sperm. Other scientists had performed beautiful microscopy studies observing how mitotic spindles function inside of plant cells, but due to the technical challenges, no one had ever observed live plant cells building spindles in meiosis. I was thrilled to take on this challenge by using version of maize that had fluorescently labeled tubulin, the protein that makes up microtubules of the spindle. With this line of maize, spindles would glow fluorescent green, allowing me to image if only I could extract the meiotic cells.
We were so busy collecting data and prepping for our mutant studies that we never really took time to analyze the wild-type cells.
After almost a year spent dissecting maize plants, I finally managed to develop a method to isolate these tiny cells and keep them alive in a growth media long enough to image them. This new method of live imaging was going to serve as the foundation of my new lab at Hamilton College, a primarily undergraduate institution. With my students, I planned to investigate the pathways governed spindle assembly. Most animal mitotic cells have a structure called a centrosome that dictates how spindles are formed; however, female animal meiotic cells lack these structures and must use other pathways to direct spindle assembly. Plants also lack centrosomes, and I wanted to inhibit these known animal pathways in our plant live imaging system.
As I set up my lab, my students and I collected live movies of wild-type maize cells building their spindles. I told my students and myself that these movies were not the main event, they were just the control cells so we would have a baseline comparison for our experimental conditions. We were so busy collecting data and prepping for our mutant studies that we never really took the time to analyze the wild-type cells. At the surface level, they built spindles and segregated chromosomes in a generally expected amount of time, so we focused on preparing for our upcoming experiments…. then March 2020 occurred.
The pandemic forced us to slow down and look more carefully at our wild-type data, and I am grateful for the detour.
My students headed home for spring break with a warning that there may be a delay in coming back to campus due to the spread of COVID-19. None of us were prepared for the shutdown that followed. Like many colleges and universities, our campus was closed for the remainder of the spring 2020 semester and the summer of 2020. My students and I began meeting on Zoom, trying to make a new plan for our research. The only data we had to work with were the microscopy of wild-type maize cells, so we decided to spend time digging more deeply into these movies. Originally, we had only measured the total time it took to build a spindle as it would be a baseline for comparison to our mutants. We had not looked carefully at any of the intermediate time points in the assembly process. When my students looked more closely at our movies, they discovered that wild-type cells built an incorrectly shaped spindle over 60% of the time!
We found that maize meiotic cells often built spindles with three poles instead of two, and they had to actively rearrange their spindle structure to correct this mistake. We also found that in these cells, there was a delay in meiosis as cells refused to progress until this correction had been made. This is an exciting discovery as it showed that plants are error-prone in their spindle assembly, much like human female meiotic cells. Our findings also suggested that meiotic cells were monitoring their spindle shape when determining if they should move forward in meiosis. Previous work has shown that cells monitor the attachment of chromosomes to the spindle to make this decision, but our work adds a new dimension, showing that they also monitor spindle shape. As we continued to analyze our videos, we also learned that cells corrected their spindle morphology in a predictable way. They always collapsed the two poles that were closest together, creating a single pole and resulting in a correct bipolar spindle.
My students and I had begun our scientific journey planning to breeze over wild-type cells, moving on to what we envisioned would be a more exciting story of spindle mutants. The pandemic forced us to slow down and look more carefully at our wild-type data, and I am grateful for the detour. I rediscovered my love of closely watching flickering green fluorescent lights, the dance of microtubules sliding into place or making missteps and shuffling into new arrangements. Watching life attempt a complicated process, make mistakes, and try again, is a lesson that never grows old. It reminds me that our scientific journeys are just the same, they start in one direction but are fluid and constantly changing, and hopefully, they end with a functional spindle!
Read the Published Paper
Weiss, J.D., McVey, S.L., Stinebaugh, S.E., Sullivan, C.F., Dawe, R.K., and N.J. Nannas. 2022. Frequent spindle errors require structural rearrangement to complete meiosis in Zea mays. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23 (8):4293–4312.
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ABOUT: Stories in Science is a special series on the Civic Science Times. The main aim is to document the first-hand accounts of the human stories behind the science being published by scientists around the world. Such stories are an important element behind the civic nature of science.
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