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Never Cease from Exploring

Dr. Caroline S. Turner: “Indeed, the journey toward accomplishment and achievement in any endeavor is not done in isolation but with the support of others willing to travel with you, providing encouragement along each step of the journey, helping you to overcome self-doubt, to achieve more than you thought possible, to overcome challenges, and, as we are doing today, to be here to celebrate your milestones.”

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Caroline S. Turner

[su_boxbox title=”About” box_color=”#262733″]Dr. Turner is a Professor at California State University in Sacramento. She delivered the story below as the 2018 UC Davis School of Education Spring Graduation Celebration Keynote Speech. It is published here with permission from Dr. Turner. Explore her brief bio below that was included in the 2018 UCD School of Education Commencement Brochure. You can watch the video here. [/su_boxbox]

[su_boxspoiler title=”Bio from the 2018 UCD School of Education Commencement Brochure” style=”fancy”]The UC Davis School of Education holds a special place in Professor Caroline Turnerโ€™s educational journey. The first in her family to go to college, Dr. Turner entered UC Davis on a Cal Aggie Alumni Association scholarship. She is a member of the UC Davis Golden Society alumni, a graduate of the first MA cohort in the School of Education, and the recipient of the 2016 Distinguished Alumna award. Currently, Caroline Turner, an internationally recognized and award-winning scholar, is Professor for the Doctorate in Educational Leadership Program and served as Interim Dean for the College of Education at California State University, Sacramento. She is Past President of the Association for the Study of Higher Education (ASHE), the leading scholarly society for research on higher education. Previously, she served as Lincoln Professor of Higher Education and Ethics at Arizona State University (ASU) and as Professor of Educational Policy & Administration at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. Turnerโ€™s research interests focus on access, equity, leadership, and policy in education. Her recent book, Modeling Mentoring Across Race/Ethnicity and Gender: Practices to Cultivate the Next Generation of Diverse Faculty, addresses the preparation of the next generation of education professionals. Including the University of California, Davis School of Education Distinguished Alumna Award, Turnerโ€™s numerous recognitions include the Yolo County Mexican American Concilio Pilar Andrade Award for community service, Sacramento Stateโ€™s University-Wide Faculty Award for Research and Creative Activity, and the American Educational Research Association (AERA) Scholars of Color in Education Career Contribution Award. Turner received her undergraduate degree in history and her masterโ€™s degree in educational psychology from the University of California, Davis and her Ph.D. in administration and policy analysis from Stanford University.ย [/su_boxspoiler]

[dropcap]G[/dropcap]reetings Everyone! Bienvenidos! Congratulations graduates! Congratulations also to all of your family and friends gathered here today, in person and in spirit, to recognize, honor, and celebrate you! Thank you Dean Lindstrom and Chancellor May for honoring me with your invitation to speak at this year’s School of Education spring graduation. I am proud to be a Cal Aggie and very happy to be here with you today.

The UC Davis School of Education holds a special place in my educational journey. A journey that has taken me from working as a farm laborer in Hollister, California to becoming the first in my family to go to college, to having the opportunity to serve for over 30 plus years as a professor of education at the University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, at Arizona State University – Tempe Campus, and now at Sacramento State, where I was named Interim Dean of the College of Education.

During this time, I was also elected to serve as President of the Association for the Study of Higher Education (ASHE). I say all of this to fully recognize the importance of the academic foundation provided to me by attending the University of California at Davis, a top ranked institution and now, an Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI), by attending the School of Education, and interacting with many of the path breaking educators I met here.ย 

Dr. Caroline S. Turner

In 1963, I entered UCD as a freshman, with the music of the Beatles blasting out of every dorm room window and the Civil Rights and Farm Labor movements underway. I want to point out that what made it financially possible for me to enroll at UC Davis was being awarded, over 50 years ago, a Cal Aggie Alumni Association (CAAA) scholarship. I recall riding my bicycle to class as most students still do. With the growth of the student population, I have to say, however, I don’t believe that today I would survive the bike circles on campus.

In 1970, I sat where you are now as a graduate of the first Master of Arts program offered by the Education Department before it became a School of Education. I am so fortunate to be an educator – to help others grow their talents just as my mentors, family, friends, and colleagues have helped me to grow. For their continued support, I want to publicly thank my family, including my two sisters in the audience, and would like to thank my UC Davis School of Education family, including Dr. Douglas Minnis and Dr. George Yonge who always knew that I could succeed in college even when I did not know.

Indeed, the journey toward accomplishment and achievement in any endeavor is not done in isolation but with the support of others willing to travel with you, providing encouragement along each step of the journey, helping you to overcome self-doubt, to achieve more than you thought possible, to overcome challenges, and, as we are doing today, to be here to celebrate your milestones.

Think back on all of the individuals who supported you along the way. I hope that you will go out into the world and be that support for somebody else. Be that person who others point to and say, “They believed in me. They saw something in me I didn’t see in myself. They gave me the courage to dream dreams and make choices I never considered.”

There were many challenges along my path toward each of my degrees and at every transition. Likely there were challenges, some unexpected, in your journey to the degree you will be awarded today, but you persevered. I would look forward to hearing your stories. Transitions can be rocky and interventions can be miraculous. Here is one such story for me which took place at UC Davis.

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My father always wanted us to do whatever we did to the best of our ability. Little did I know that being a good farm laborer in Hollister, California would be critical to my being able to stay at UC, Davis. Doing an exceptional job in one arena had unpredictable ramifications for me in a seemingly unrelated future.

At the end of my freshman year, due to a multitude of transition challenges and a debilitating illness which caused me to be hospitalized, I held a passing grade point average, but could not stay at UC Davis as my scholarship money was running out. In fact, I was packing my bags to leave when I heard a knock on the door.

There stood a tall man with a beard and a field hat offering me a job working on the experimental tomato fields at UCD. He had heard from Dr. Pearson, his colleague in Hollister and one of my former bosses, that I was in Davis and would be a good worker who was able to tolerate the sun and who would also understand the nature of the work he was doing. It was a miracle! I now had a job and could pay my way through school.

I never dreamed as I helped to plant, label, cross pollinate, and harvest squash and melons for a seed company that this would later translate into a job at a critical juncture of my college life. Later, I was to learn that the man at the door was Dr. Charlie Rick, a renowned plant geneticist, who was the foremost authority on tomato genetics.

This experience made me realize what thin threads connect first generation college goers to their campuses. It also exemplifies how a simple intervention might prevent such departures. Later, as I conducted my dissertation research and subsequent research as a faculty member, I observed that these thin threads and critical interventions were documented many times over.

In retrospect, I have to say that I grew up as a Latina/Filipina doing fieldwork, then worked my way through UC Davis doing fieldwork as an undergraduate, and now, to this day, as a qualitative researcher, I find it amusing that I still find myself doing field work.

As each of you prepares to step out into the field of education as new graduates and future educators, others are looking up to you and listening to your words. In a passing comment, one of my professors said that I should consider becoming a professor. Something I had not thought about. His encouragement attracted me to enter his profession; and underscored for me the importance of what we say in our roles as teacher, professor, advisor, and administrator. What we say can encourage or discourage others to consider their options, to think deeply about their purpose in life, and/or to pursue their hopes and dreams.

As leaders, in addition to the support you can provide to individuals, you will also have opportunities to create inclusive and welcoming school and campus learning environments. Environments where the thin threads I just described can be strengthened with intentional organizational interventions that support the retention and success of all students.

You will be asked to address major challenges. For example, reports state that across California hundreds of thousands of students aren’t receiving the education needed to succeed in college, career, and beyond. You will have a great opportunity to promote much needed systemic change. In this regard, the significance of the leadership many of you will provide cannot be overstated.

I believe in the transformative power of education. To seek out new knowledge is to seek out transformation for yourself; this transformation will also impact those around you, including your family and community. Having an education can provide choices, options, and opportunities, but most of all, it provides perspectives that can help one to explore new vistas, to create new horizons, and to make the world a better place.

The University of California Davis School of Education played a major part in expanding, revitalizing and helping me to better understand my world. Knowledge gained during my years as an undergraduate and graduate student, and as a professor at three large universities connects to the knowledge gained from my home community. My educational journey brings me to today. Today, I have a deeper understanding of the value of all knowledge, including knowledge learned during my childhood at home and within my community. The spirit of this journey is reflected in T.S. Eliot’s quote, “We shall not cease from exploration, and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started and know the place for the first time.” I interpret this as seeing familiar landscapes with new eyes, with new perspectives. One cannot arrive at this point, however, without going on the journey.

In conclusion, as each of you graduates, my heartfelt congratulations and my best wishes on your continued journeys! There will be many challenges, many peaks and valleys; you may have setbacks, and you may have failures, but you will persevere as you have done thus far. Recognize the courage and greatness that lies in each of you. While doing this, remember to be kind to yourself and to others. Bravo!!!

Cover image from Pixabayย |ย CC0 Creative Commons

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CivicSciTimes - Stories in Science

Unexpected Stories and Spindle Mistakes: Discovering that Wild-type Cells are Full of Surprises

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Natalie Nannas

Natalie Nannas is an Associate Professor of Biology at Hamilton College in Clinton, NY. She teaches courses in genetics, molecular biology, and bioethics. Dr. Nannas graduated from Grinnell College with bachelor’s degrees in biological chemistry and French. She received her Masterโ€™s and PhD from Harvard University in molecular biology and genetics. Dr. Nannas conducted her postdoctoral research at the University of Georgia where she won a National Science Foundation Plant Genome Postdoctoral Fellowship. At Hamilton College, Dr. Nannas enjoys teaching and sharing her passion for microscopy with her undergraduate research students. When not glued to a microscope, she loves spending time with her husband and two daughters. The narrative below by Natalie Nannas captures the human stories behind the science from a 2022 paper titled โ€œFrequent spindle errors require structural rearrangement to complete meiosis in Zea maysโ€ which was published by her group in 2022 in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences.

Science never works out the way we plan. As scientists, we ask questions, hypothesize and outline our goals โ€ฆ then reality of science occurs. The reality of science is often full of failed controls, endless troubleshooting, and sometimes strange findings that lead us in new and unpredictable directions. Our publications give the impression that we planned these scientific journeys from the beginning and do not tell the human side of the process with all of its twists and turns, dead-ends and U-turns. I want to tell you the real story behind my first publication as a faculty member with my own lab. It did not go as planned due to the COVID-19 pandemic. My lab was shut down in the middle of our investigation, and my students and I were unable to generate new data. In the beginning, it seemed like we were stranded with only control data and no story to tell, but the time away from the lab allowed us to spend more time looking carefully at wild-type cells. What seemed like a dead-end suddenly became its own story when we found something unexpected hiding within microscopy movies. Our wild-type cells were making mistakes, attempting fixes and changing directions, just like we do as scientists.

My scientific journey began with flickering green lights and a microscope (you can read more about it here). As an undergraduate, I was mesmerized by the beauty of watching living cells shuffle fluorescently labeled proteins throughout their cytoplasm. I followed this passion for microscopy into my doctoral dissertation research at Harvard University where I investigated how yeast cells build the machinery needed to pull their chromosomes apart. This machinery is a dynamic collection of long protein tubes called microtubules and other organizing proteins that help move and shuffle microtubules. I loved watching the delicate dance of chromosomes interacting with microtubules of the spindle, and I wanted to continue studying this process in my postdoctoral studies.

During postdoctoral studies at the University of Georgia, I won a fellowship from the National Science Foundation to develop a new technique in microscopy. No one had ever watched plants building their spindles in meiosis, the specialized cell division that produces egg and sperm. Other scientists had performed beautiful microscopy studies observing how mitotic spindles function inside of plant cells, but due to the technical challenges, no one had ever observed live plant cells building spindles in meiosis. I was thrilled to take on this challenge by using version of maize that had fluorescently labeled tubulin, the protein that makes up microtubules of the spindle. With this line of maize, spindles would glow fluorescent green, allowing me to image if only I could extract the meiotic cells.

Dr. Natalie Nannas

We were so busy collecting data and prepping for our mutant studies that we never really took time to analyze the wild-type cells.

After almost a year spent dissecting maize plants, I finally managed to develop a method to isolate these tiny cells and keep them alive in a growth media long enough to image them. This new method of live imaging was going to serve as the foundation of my new lab at Hamilton College, a primarily undergraduate institution. With my students, I planned to investigate the pathways governed spindle assembly. Most animal mitotic cells have a structure called a centrosome that dictates how spindles are formed; however, female animal meiotic cells lack these structures and must use other pathways to direct spindle assembly. Plants also lack centrosomes, and I wanted to inhibit these known animal pathways in our plant live imaging system.

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As I set up my lab, my students and I collected live movies of wild-type maize cells building their spindles. I told my students and myself that these movies were not the main event, they were just the control cells so we would have a baseline comparison for our experimental conditions. We were so busy collecting data and prepping for our mutant studies that we never really took the time to analyze the wild-type cells. At the surface level, they built spindles and segregated chromosomes in a generally expected amount of time, so we focused on preparing for our upcoming experimentsโ€ฆ. then March 2020 occurred.

The pandemic forced us to slow down and look more carefully at our wild-type data, and I am grateful for the detour.

My students headed home for spring break with a warning that there may be a delay in coming back to campus due to the spread of COVID-19. None of us were prepared for the shutdown that followed. Like many colleges and universities, our campus was closed for the remainder of the spring 2020 semester and the summer of 2020. My students and I began meeting on Zoom, trying to make a new plan for our research. The only data we had to work with were the microscopy of wild-type maize cells, so we decided to spend time digging more deeply into these movies. Originally, we had only measured the total time it took to build a spindle as it would be a baseline for comparison to our mutants. We had not looked carefully at any of the intermediate time points in the assembly process. When my students looked more closely at our movies, they discovered that wild-type cells built an incorrectly shaped spindle over 60% of the time!

We found that maize meiotic cells often built spindles with three poles instead of two, and they had to actively rearrange their spindle structure to correct this mistake. We also found that in these cells, there was a delay in meiosis as cells refused to progress until this correction had been made. This is an exciting discovery as it showed that plants are error-prone in their spindle assembly, much like human female meiotic cells. Our findings also suggested that meiotic cells were monitoring their spindle shape when determining if they should move forward in meiosis. Previous work has shown that cells monitor the attachment of chromosomes to the spindle to make this decision, but our work adds a new dimension, showing that they also monitor spindle shape. As we continued to analyze our videos, we also learned that cells corrected their spindle morphology in a predictable way. They always collapsed the two poles that were closest together, creating a single pole and resulting in a correct bipolar spindle.

The image shows the first page of the paper which can be accessed here.

My students and I had begun our scientific journey planning to breeze over wild-type cells, moving on to what we envisioned would be a more exciting story of spindle mutants. The pandemic forced us to slow down and look more carefully at our wild-type data, and I am grateful for the detour. I rediscovered my love of closely watching flickering green fluorescent lights, the dance of microtubules sliding into place or making missteps and shuffling into new arrangements. Watching life attempt a complicated process, make mistakes, and try again, is a lesson that never grows old. It reminds me that our scientific journeys are just the same, they start in one direction but are fluid and constantly changing, and hopefully, they end with a functional spindle!

Read the Published Paper

Weiss, J.D., McVey, S.L., Stinebaugh, S.E., Sullivan, C.F., Dawe, R.K., and N.J. Nannas. 2022. Frequent spindle errors require structural rearrangement to complete meiosis in Zea maysInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23 (8):4293โ€“4312.

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ABOUT: Stories in Science is a special series on the Civic Science Times. The main aim is to document the first-hand accounts of the human stories behind the science being published by scientists around the world. Such stories are an important element behind the civic nature of science.

SUBMISSION: Click here to access the story guidelines and submission portal. Please note that not all stories are accepted for publication. After submission, we will let you know whether we have selected the story for the review process.

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